This book was written to be used as an applied thermoscience textbook in a onesemester, college-level, undergraduate engineering course on internal combustion engines. It provides the material needed for a basic understanding of the operation of internal combustion engines. Students are assumed to have knowledge of fundamental thermodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid mechanics as a prerequisite to get maximum benefit from the text. This book can also be used for self-study and/or as a reference book in the field of engines. Contents include the fundamentals of most types of internal combustion engines, with a major emphasis on reciprocating engines. Both spark ignition and compression ignition engines are covered, as are those operating on four-stroke and two-stroke cycles, and ranging in size from small model airplane engines to the largest stationary engines. Rocket engines and jet engines are not included. Because of the large number of engines that are used in automobiles and other vehicles, a major emphasis isplaced on these.
Monday, December 5, 2016
Monday, October 3, 2016
How to Make a Study Plan
1
Study the same day. Everyday in school you learn something new. So make sure the same day after going home you study whatever was taught in school.
2
Revise. Make sure you revise what you learned throughout the week on weekends.
3
Choose what you have to study first not what you want to study first.
4
Try to estimate the time you will need to study each subject
5
Assign each subject to a priority category e.g urgent, later.
6
Go to the library. If there are any assignments to be done, go to the library and the librarian will guide you with books to refer for your assignment studies.
7
Solve past exams questionnaire. Some colleges may have a question bank of past exams. Make sure you solve these questionnaires to study. Time your self for the question paper.
8
Study a few hours daily. Studying daily keeps your brain cells active. After studying a few pages try writing a summary of what you read without peeping into the book
Wednesday, August 24, 2016
Nelson Mandela Quotes
Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.
I learned that courage was not the absence of fear, but the triumph over it. The brave man is not he who does not feel afraid, but he who conquers that fear.
It always seems impossible until it's done.
For to be free is not merely to cast off one's chains, but to live in a way that respects and enhances the freedom of others.
After climbing a great hill, one only finds that there are many more hills to climb.
A good head and a good heart are always a formidable combination.
The greatest glory in living lies not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall.
There is no passion to be found playing small - in settling for a life that is less than the one you are capable of living.
There is nothing like returning to a place that remains unchanged to find the ways in which you yourself have altered.
If you want to make peace with your enemy, you have to work with your enemy. Then he becomes your partner.
Sunday, August 14, 2016
Happy Independence Day
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Friday, August 12, 2016
Katrina trolls Aditya for goofing up with her social media status
MUMBAI:
Daily Times
So Katrina Kaif has been on Facebook since over a month now. We’re all aware. In fact, we have even been stalking her day in and day out to see what’s up with her. But it turns out that Aditya Roy Kapur is still clueless about Kat’s social media debut and he’s had it from Kat for being so uninformed. Yes! This trolling session happened at the Dream Team press con which was held in Houston this morning.
All of them including Katrina, Adi, Alia Bhatt, Sidharth Malhotra and Parineeti Chopra were introducing their Dream Team to the media is when Adi popped up with an ‘INVALID’ request saying, “So Katrina and I are not on social media so you guys need to pitch in for us and promote our event.” To which, Katrina quickly corrected him saying, “Aditya is so far behind that he doesn’t even know that I am already on Facebook.”
Haha oops! Adi should have at least......
Khali Botalin Khali Dabaa by Sadaat Hassan Manto pdf
Free download PDF copy Urdu Adabi book of "Khali Boltailan Aur Khali Dabe" written by Sahat Hassan Minto. A collection of Urdu Articles, in this book contacts, are Hindustan (India) and Pakistan partition Story, Hindu, and Muslim, Many interesting articles in Urdu,Two nation, Majeed ka mazi, Hamid ka Bacha, Kitab ka Khulasa.Free read online or get PDF for offline reading. file size 1.5 and total pages 79 only.
سعادت حسن منٹو,
11 May 1912 – 18 January 1955) was a Indo-Pakistani writer, playwright and author considered among the greatest writers of short stories in South Asian history. He produced 22 collections of short stories, 1 novel, 5 series of radio plays, 3 collections of essays, 2 collections of personal sketches and his best short stories are held in high esteem by writers and critics.
Click below to download or read online
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Friday, August 5, 2016
Apple offers big cash rewards for help finding security bugs
Apple Inc said it plans to offer rewards of up to $200,000 to researchers who find critical security bugs in its products, joining dozens of firms that already offer payments for help uncovering flaws in their products.
The maker of iPhones and iPads provided Reuters with details of the plan, which includes some of the biggest bounties offered to date, ahead of unveiling it on Thursday afternoon at the Black Hat cyber security conference in Las Vegas.
The program will initially be limited to about two dozen researchers who Apple will invite to help identify hard-to-uncover security bugs in five specific categories.
Those researchers have been chosen from the group of experts who have previously helped Apple identify bugs, but have not been compensated for that work, the company said.
The most lucrative category, which offers rewards of up to $200,000, is for bugs in Apple's “secure boot” firmware for preventing unauthorised programs from launching when an iOS device is powered up.
Apple said it decided to limit the scope of the program at the advice of other companies that have previously launched bounty programs.
Those companies said that if they were to do it again, they would start by inviting a small list of researchers to join, then gradually open it up over time, according to Apple.
Security analyst Rich Mogull said that limiting participation would save Apple from dealing with a deluge of “low-value” bug reports.
“Fully open programs can definitely take a lot of resources to manage,” he said.
Apple declined to say which firms provided advice.
Such rewards are currently offered by dozens of firms, including AT&T Inc, Facebook Inc, Google, Microsoft Corp, Tesla Motors Inc and Yahoo Inc .
Microsoft, which has handed out $1.5 million in rewards to security researchers since it launched its program three years ago, also offers rewards for identifying very specific types of bugs. Its two biggest payouts have been for $100,000 each.
Not all bounty programs are as focused as the ones from Apple and Microsoft.
Facebook, for example, has an open program that offers rewards for a wide-range of vulnerabilities. It has paid out more than $4mn over the past five years, with last year's average payment at $1,780.
In March, Facebook paid $10,000 to a 10-year-old boy in Finland who found a way to delete user comments from Instagram accounts.
Courtesy: www.dawn.com
Punjab govt’s helicopter crash-lands in Afghanistan
ISLAMABAD:
A Punjab government Mi-17 helicopter crash landed on Thursday in Afghanistan’s Logar province where Taliban insurgents took the crew hostage before setting the helicopter on fire.
DawnNews reported the helicopter had seven people onboard at the time of the incident, and was on its way for maintenance to Uzbekistan.
Afghanistan’s TOLO News, however, reported the helicopter belonged to Pakistan military.
Quoting spokesman for Logar province’s governor, it said that the helicopter crashed in the Mati area of Azra district.
What we know so far
- Punjab government’s Mi-17 helicopter crash lands in Afghanistan’s Logar province
- Taliban sets it on fire; some reports say it caught fire as it crashed
- 7 crew members on board survive crash; Taliban take them hostage
- Foreign Office trying to contact Afghan officials to get more information
Read More
Courtasy: www.dawn.com
Sunan Ibn-e-Majah in Urdu Pdf Free Download
Free download or read online another Urdu Islamic book "Sunan Ibn-e-Majah" and read the authentic Hadiths from the famous six books of Hadiths in your Urdu language. "Sunan Ibn-e-Majah" is the title name of this Urdu e-book. Sunan Ibn Majah is one of the six books that only consist the authentic hadiths with reference and narrator. All the six books are also known as Kitab-ul-Sittah. Sunan Ibn Majah is available in almost every major language of the world, but Sunan Ibn Majah is here in the Urdu language. Sunan Ibn Majah has total 4341 Hadiths collected by Ibne Majah R.A.
Sunan Ibn Majah is compiled by Ibne Majah whose full name is Abu Abdullah Mohammad Ibn Yazid Ibne Majah Al-rabi Al-qazwini. Ibn Majah was also a Persian, born in the Qazvin Province, Iran. Majah was his father name. Ibn Majah R.A has spent his life, collecting the real and authentic Hadiths and kept the record of the narrators as references.
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Sunan Ibne Majah is translated into the Urdu language by Maulana Mohammad Qasim Amin who worked hard and translated such a large Islamic book into Urdu language. Maulana Mohammad Qasim Ameen has also made some useful additions such as the explanation of each Hadith either the Hadith exists in other Kitab-ul-Sittah or not. He has also written a short biography of Ibn Majah in Urdu.
Sunan Ibn Majah is here in the Urdu language. The complete Sunan Ibn Majah is available here in three volumes/parts/jild and all the three volumes of Sunan Ibne Majah with small Pdf files. Volume 1 of Sunan Ibn-e-Majah consists Hadiths no.1 to Hadiths no. 1844, Volume 2 is from Hadith no. 1845 to 3119, Volume 3 is from Hadith no. 3120 to 4341.
You can free download and read online all the 3 Jild of Sunan Ibne Majah from the table below the following sample pages.
Download the complete book from the table below!
Like us on facebookFREE DOWNLOAD OR READ ONLINE ALL VOLUMES/JILD/PARTS OF SAHIH MUSLIM SHAREEF IN URDU LANGUAGE | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Volume-1 | Size= 20.84 MB Pages = 622 | Download | Read Online | |
Volume-2 | Size= 14.81 MB Pages = 472 | Download | Read Online | |
Volume-3 | Size= 13.1 MB Pages = 418 | Download | Read Online |
Sunday, July 31, 2016
Khalil Gibran Quotes
“For what is it to die but to stand naked in the wind and to melt into the sun? And when the earth shall claim your limbs, then shall you truly dance.”
~
“Beauty is eternity gazing at itself in a mirror.
But you are eternity and you are the mirror.”
~
“Let there be spaces in your togetherness,
And let the winds of the heavens dance between you.
Love one another, but make not a bond of love:
Let it rather be a moving sea between the shores of your souls.
Fill each other’s cup but drink not from one cup.
Give one another of your bread but eat not from the same loaf
Sing and dance together and be joyous, but let each one of you be alone,
Even as the strings of a lute are alone though they quiver with the same music.
Give your hearts, but not into each other’s keeping.
For only the hand of Life can contain your hearts.
And stand together yet not too near together:
For the pillars of the temple stand apart,
And the oak tree and the cypress grow not in each other’s shadow.”
~
“Trees are poems the earth writes upon the sky, We fell them down and turn them into paper,
That we may record our emptiness.”
~
“Out of suffering have emerged the strongest souls; the most massive characters are seared with scars.”
~
“My friend, I am not what I seem. Seeming is but a garment I wear — a care-woven garment that protects me from thy questionings and thee from my negligence. The “I” in me, my friend, dwells in the house of silence, and therein it shall remain for ever more, unperceived, unapproachable.”
~
“I have found both freedom and safety in my madness; the freedom of loneliness and the safety from being understood, for those who understand us enslave something in us.”
~
“The timeless in you is aware of life’s timelessness. And knows that yesterday is but today’s memory and tomorrow is today’s dream.”
~
“And forget not that the earth delights to feel your bare feet and the winds long to play with your hair.”
~
“Your pain is the breaking of the shell that encloses your understanding.
Even as the stone of the fruit must break, that its heart may stand in the sun, so must you know pain.
And could you keep your heart in wonder at the daily miracles of your life, your pain would not seem less wondrous than your joy;
And you would accept the seasons of your heart, even as you have always accepted the seasons that pass over your fields.”
~
“The appearance of things changes according to the emotions; and thus we see magic and beauty in them, while the magic and beauty are really in ourselves.”
~
“They deem me mad because I will not sell my days for gold; and I deem them mad because they think my days have a price.”
~
“If you reveal your secrets to the wind,
you should not blame the wind for
revealing them to the trees.”
~
“We are all prisoners but some of us are in cells with windows and some without.”
~
“We wanderers, ever seeking the lonelier way, begin no day where we have ended another day; and no sunrise finds us where sunset left us. Even while the earth sleeps we travel. We are the seeds of the tenacious plant, and it is in our ripeness and our fullness of heart that we are given to the wind and are scattered.”
~
“For what is evil but good tortured by its own hunger and thirst?”
~
“Your children are not your children. They are the sons and daughters of Life’s longing for itself…
You may house their bodies but not their souls, for their souls dwell in the house of tomorrow, which you cannot visit, not even in your dreams.”
~
“Many of us spend our whole lives running from feeling with the mistaken belief that you can not bear the pain. But you have already borne the pain. What you have not done is feel all you are beyond that pain.”
~
“Love gives naught but itself and takes naught but from itself, Love possesses not nor would it be possessed: For love is sufficient unto love.”
~
“To measure you by your smallest deed
is to reckon the ocean by the frailty of its foam.
To judge you by your failures
is to cast blame upon the seasons
for their inconsistencies.”
~
“For thought is a bird of space, that in a cage of words may indeed unfold its wings but cannot fly.”
~
“In one drop of water are found all the secrets of all the oceans; in one aspect of You are found all the aspects of existence.”
~
“If you love somebody, let them go, for if they return, they were always yours. If they don’t, they never were.”
~
Say not, ‘I have found the truth,’ but rather, ‘I have found a truth.’
~
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Friday, July 29, 2016
100 Saal Pehlay Novel By M A Rahat Pdf
100 Saal Pehlay Novel By M A Rahat Pdf Free Download
Is very famous novel in Pakistan or Urdu speaker all over the world.
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Thursday, July 28, 2016
Sahih Bukhari pdf English & Urdu
Sahih y Bukhari is a collection of sayings and deeds of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), also known as the
sunnah. The reports of the Prophet's sayings and deeds are called ahadith. Bukhari lived a couple of centuries after the Prophet's death and worked extremely hard to collect his ahadith. Each report in his collection was checked for compatibility with the Qur'an, and the veracity of the chain of reporters had to be
painstakingly established. Bukhari's collection is recognized by the overwhelming majority of the Muslim
world to be one of the most authentic collections of the Sunnah of the Prophet (pbuh).
Bukhari (full name Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Ismail bin Ibrahim bin al-Mughira al-Ja'fai) was born
in 194 A.H. and died in 256 A.H. His collection of hadith is considered second to none. He spent sixteen
years compiling it, and ended up with 2,602 hadith (9,082 with repetition). His criteria for acceptance into
the collection were amongst the most stringent of all the scholars of ahadith.
It is important to realize, however, that Bukhari's collection is not complete
Download Link for English
sunnah. The reports of the Prophet's sayings and deeds are called ahadith. Bukhari lived a couple of centuries after the Prophet's death and worked extremely hard to collect his ahadith. Each report in his collection was checked for compatibility with the Qur'an, and the veracity of the chain of reporters had to be
painstakingly established. Bukhari's collection is recognized by the overwhelming majority of the Muslim
world to be one of the most authentic collections of the Sunnah of the Prophet (pbuh).
Bukhari (full name Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Ismail bin Ibrahim bin al-Mughira al-Ja'fai) was born
in 194 A.H. and died in 256 A.H. His collection of hadith is considered second to none. He spent sixteen
years compiling it, and ended up with 2,602 hadith (9,082 with repetition). His criteria for acceptance into
the collection were amongst the most stringent of all the scholars of ahadith.
It is important to realize, however, that Bukhari's collection is not complete
Download Link for English
Sunday, July 24, 2016
Punjab Judiciary donates 10 Million to Edhi Foundation
Late Abdul Sattar Edhi
Lahore High Court (LHC) Chief Justice Syed Mansoor Ali Shah on Saturday donated Rs10 million to the Edhi Foundation on behalf of Punjab judiciary.
Saad Edhi, grandson of Abdul Sattar Edhi, received the cheque at a ceremony attended by judges and officers of the court. Justice Shah paid tribute to the services of the late philanthropist, urging people to follow in the footsteps of “the great humanitarian”.
Khursheed Shah writes to Nobel committee for Edhi’s nomination.
READ MORE EXPRESS TRIBUNE
Saturday, July 23, 2016
Kalam e Mir Taqi Mir Urdu Poetry Pdf
Kalam Mir Taqi Mir is here for free download and read online. "Kalam Mir Taqi Mir" is also the title name of this Urdu poetry related book in Pdf. This Urdu book is all about the Urdu poetry of Mr. Mir Taqi Mir who is a well known Urdu poet not only in Pakistan but also famous in India. He is one of the most famous Urdu poets in the world.
Kalam Mir Taqi Mir Pdf Urdu book is compiled by Sunbal Sarfaraz. She has collected the most beautiful, attractive and easy Urdu poems, Urdu Ghazals and other Urdu poetry of Mir Taqi Mir. This Urdu book has different types of Urdu poetry of Mir Taqi Mir. In the start, there is one beautiful Urdu Naat of Mir Taqi Mir and one inspiring Urdu Hamd of Mir Taqi Mir.
Kalam Mir Taqi Mir or Kalam-e-Mir Taqi Mir Urdu poetry book is here in Pdf format and as long as 160 pages with the Pdf file size of 6.32 MB only. You can free download and read online this Urdu book from the table below.
Download the complete book of Kalam Meer Taqi Meer from the table below
BRIEF INFORMATION ABOUT THE PDF EBOOK | |
---|---|
Book Name: | Kalam Mir Taqi Mir |
Writer: | Mir Taqi Mir |
Language: | Urdu |
Format: | |
Size: | 6.32 MB |
Pages: | 160 |
Facebook Blocks Qandeel Baloch Fan Page
Facebook shut down internet sensation Qandeel Baloch's fan page after she was killed by her brother in an alleged honour killing this month.
Qandeel Baloch had over 700,000 fans on her Facebook page.
As part of its policy, the social media website adds 'remembering' to the profile of a person who has died. In case of fan page Facebook blocks it if it does not have more than one administrator.
Qandeel was the sole administrator of her page. And so Facebook has taken her page off the platform.
Report by: The News
Man arrested for trying to blackmail woman on social media with private pictures
PESHAWAR – A man has been arrested by the Cybercrime wing of Federal investigation agency on the charges of harassing and blackmailing a woman by posting her private pictures on Facebook and publicizing them through Whatsapp.
Sajjad Hussain, the alleged culprit, was allegedly threatening to defame the victim through social media.
Police confiscated his mobile phone during a raid on his home.
An FIA official said that the accused was an employee of a cancer hospital in Hayatabad. He was previously posted at the Lahore branch of the same hospital where he had first met the complainant.
The complainant’s brother was suffering from cancer and was being treated at the hospital in Lahore.
She had given her mobile phone to her brother who was admitted at the hospital and the accused stole her SIM card and memory card from her phone, after which he began threatening to release the victim’s private pictures....
Read More Daily Pakistan
Wednesday, July 20, 2016
Abdul Sattar Edhi Obituary
Story by Guardian.com
In a country increasingly riven by extremism, Abdul Sattar Edhi, the founder of a vast public welfare organisation that spans Pakistan, was a symbol of the country’s shrivelled secular tradition. Edhi, who has died aged around 90, never turned anyone away from his hospitals, homeless shelters, rehab centres and orphanages. His determination to ignore considerations of creed, cast or sect earned him the hatred of some on the country’s religious right, who accused him of being an atheist. But the public revered him for his lifelong commitment to humanity.
Edhi was born in British India but moved to Pakistan six days after it was formed in August 1947. He attended some of the public speeches made by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the anglicised lawyer who led the movement for a Muslim majority state. Like many others hailing from Gujarat, Edhi found himself in Karachi, arriving by boat in the Arabian Sea entrepot that would grow into a megacity of more than 20 million people, racked by ethnic strife.
Always hazy about the precise year of his birth, Edhi reckoned he was about 20 when he landed at Karachi’s stinking harbour. He initially worked as a street pedlar, hawking pencils, matches that he would hold on a tray and towels. Later he sold paan, the betel leaf and nut mixture chewed by many in the subcontinent, and then worked for his father who was a trader. But he found his time doing this unsatisfying.
He said he felt an urge
to do welfare work after “observing the environment I was living in, where injustice, bribery and robbery were common”. He set up his first simple pharmacy offering drugs and basic medical care, regardless of people’s ability to pay, in a tent next to his family home in Jodia bazaar.
The area, now a teeming slum, is still the headquarters of the Edhi Foundation, which is run out of a ramshackle building where he lived to the end of his days in a tiny backroom. Doctors were persuaded to offer their services free and he raised the money to pay for medicines. Even in old age, he could still be seen on the streets stopping passers-by and cars for cash donations, with no one asking for receipts.
Through his work, Edhi met Bilquis Bano, who became his wife and a key figure in the burgeoning charity empire. They worked together during one of the toughest periods of Edhi’s life, the 1965 war between India and Pakistan which saw Karachi bombed. The couple cared for the civilian victims and organised 45 funerals, with Bilquis cleaning the bodies of women and Edhi preparing the men for burial. It was said he washed thousands of dead bodies during his life, with his foundation finding space in its graveyards for anyone who needed it. In his memoir, A Mirror to the Blind, he made clear his distaste for anyone who thought themselves too grand to touch the dead.Edhi’s charitable activities expanded in 1957 when an Asian flu epidemic swept through Karachi. He borrowed money for tents to treat people who were only asked to contribute financially if they could afford it. “It was the first mass recognition of my work,” Edhi later told the journalist Steve Inskeep. A single generous donation from a businessman, a fellow member of the Memon community, allowed Edhi to buy his first ambulance, which he drove himself around the city. Once asked why he was prepared to help Christians and Hindus alike, Edhi replied, “because my ambulance is more Muslim than you”. A women’s dispensary would later open and then a maternity clinic.
The Edhi Foundation ultimately became a multimillion-dollar enterprise run directly by Edhi, his wife and their four children. It is most famous for its fleet of 1,500 minivan ambulances that are always first on the scene of an accident or, more frequently, in the last decade terrorist attack. The foundation estimates it transports a million people to hospital each year, charging a tiny fee for the ride. In Karachi, rival gangs have been known to call temporary ceasefires to their gun battles to allow Edhi’s minimally trained ambulance staff to collect the dead and wounded.
In a country with a negligible public welfare system Edhi offered cradle-to-grave services. Some 20,000 people have Edhi registered as a parent or guardian after he and his wife began taking in abandoned babies. They started to place cribs outside their offices where unwanted infants could be left. It was a court case filed by Edhi that ultimately won the right for abandoned children with unknown parents to get the vital national identity card.
“I have never been a very religious person,” he told the Daily Times newspaper in 2009. “I am neither against religion nor for it.” He found inspiration in socialist writers who lambasted the ruling capitalist class whom he thought were responsible for poverty in the world. And he did not see why work to alleviate suffering should be restricted to Pakistan. In 2005 the Edhi Foundation donated $100,000 to the victims of Hurricane Katrina in the US.
“My religion is serving humanity and I believe that all the religions of the world have their basis in humanity,” he said.
Edhi is survived by Bilquis and their two daughters and two sons.
• Abdul Sattar Edhi, social campaigner, born c1926; died 8 July 2016
Walt Disney
Movies can and do have tremendous influence in shaping young lives in the realm of entertainment towards the ideals and objectives of normal adulthood.
Walt Disney
How Blast Furnace Work
Blast furnace:
The purpose of a blast furnace is to reduce and convert iron oxides into liquid iron called "hot metal".
The blast furnace is a huge, steel stack lined with refractory brick.
Iron ore, coke and limestone are put into the top, and preheated air is blown into the bottom.
IRONE ORE:
Iron ore is a rock that contains iron combined with oxygen.
Some of the world's highest quality iron ore comes from Australia.
COKE:
• Coke is made from coal. Once mined, the coal is crushed and washed.
• Coal is then baked in coke ovens for about 18 hours.
• During this process, by-products are removed and coke is produced.
FLUX:
• Flux is a term for minerals used to collect impurities during iron and steelmaking.
• Limestone and dolomite are fluxes.
• The flux causes a chemical reaction and elements not needed for steelmaking join together to form slag.
•
METHOD:
Three substances are needed to enable to extraction of iron from its ore. The combined mixture is called the charge:
Iron ore, haematite - often contains sand with iron oxide, Fe2O3.
Limestone (calcium carbonate).
Coke - mainly carbon
The charge is placed a giant chimney called a blast furnace. The blast furnace is around 30 metres high and lined with fireproof bricks. Hot air is blasted through the bottom.
BLAST OPERATION:
• The Charge is fed in at the top,
• Bell Doors open (One at a time)
• Coke burns & makes Carbon Monoxide,
• The Carbon Monoxide mixes with the Oxygen in the Iron Ore (leaving Iron),
The Molten Iron falls to the bottom of the Furnace,
The limestone joins with the impurities to make Slag and floats on top of the Molten Iron. The slag and the Molten Iron are tapped off regularly.
Special rail cars bring the Molten Iron away, The liquid iron typically flows into a channel and indentations in a bed of sand.
Once it cools, this metal is known as pig iron.
REATIONS:
Oxygen in the air reacts with coke to give carbon dioxide:
C(s) + O 2(g) CO2(g)
The limestone breaks down to form carbon dioxide:
CaCO3(s) CO2 (g) + CaO(s)
Carbon dioxide produced in 1 + 2 react with more coke to produce carbon monoxide:
CO2(g) + C(s) 2CO(g)
The carbon monoxide reduces the iron in the ore to give molten iron:
3CO(g) + Fe2O3(s) 2Fe(l) + 3CO2(g)
The limestone from 2, reacts with the sand to form slag (calcium silicate):
CaO(s) + SiO(s) CaSiO3(l)
WHY PIG IRON IS PIG IRON:
• PIG IRON is raw iron in an ingot form.
• It is the result of smelting Iron Ore, Coke and Limestone in a blast furnace.
• It is a hard but brittle mix of iron (90% or more) and carbon (typically 4-5%), manganese, sulfur, phosphorus, and silicon (roughly 3% in total).
• The name is derived from the time when the iron ran into moulds. A row of moulds was said to resemble a litter of suckling pigs, so the single ingots were referred to as pigs.
• To create a ton of pig Iron
• We start with 2 tons of ore,
• 1 ton of coke and
• ½ ton of limestone.
• The fire consumes 5 tons of air.
• The temperature reaches almost 3000 deg F (about 1600 degrees C) at the core of the blast furnace!
BLAST WASTE:
• Slag, Ammonia, Light Oils and Coal Tars are waste from the Furnace,
• They make raw materials for cements, plastics and fertilisers.
• Pig iron contains 4 percent to 5 percent carbon and is so hard and brittle that it is almost useless.
We do one of two things with pig iron:
• You melt it, mix it with slag and hammer it to eliminate most of the carbon (down to 0.3 percent) and create wrought iron.
Wrought iron is the stuff a blacksmith works with to create tools, horseshoes and so on. When you heat wrought iron, it is malleable, bendable, weldable and very easy to work with. Or we can create steel.
The purpose of a blast furnace is to reduce and convert iron oxides into liquid iron called "hot metal".
The blast furnace is a huge, steel stack lined with refractory brick.
Iron ore, coke and limestone are put into the top, and preheated air is blown into the bottom.
IRONE ORE:
Iron ore is a rock that contains iron combined with oxygen.
Some of the world's highest quality iron ore comes from Australia.
COKE:
• Coke is made from coal. Once mined, the coal is crushed and washed.
• Coal is then baked in coke ovens for about 18 hours.
• During this process, by-products are removed and coke is produced.
FLUX:
• Flux is a term for minerals used to collect impurities during iron and steelmaking.
• Limestone and dolomite are fluxes.
• The flux causes a chemical reaction and elements not needed for steelmaking join together to form slag.
•
METHOD:
Three substances are needed to enable to extraction of iron from its ore. The combined mixture is called the charge:
Iron ore, haematite - often contains sand with iron oxide, Fe2O3.
Limestone (calcium carbonate).
Coke - mainly carbon
The charge is placed a giant chimney called a blast furnace. The blast furnace is around 30 metres high and lined with fireproof bricks. Hot air is blasted through the bottom.
BLAST OPERATION:
• The Charge is fed in at the top,
• Bell Doors open (One at a time)
• Coke burns & makes Carbon Monoxide,
• The Carbon Monoxide mixes with the Oxygen in the Iron Ore (leaving Iron),
The Molten Iron falls to the bottom of the Furnace,
The limestone joins with the impurities to make Slag and floats on top of the Molten Iron. The slag and the Molten Iron are tapped off regularly.
Special rail cars bring the Molten Iron away, The liquid iron typically flows into a channel and indentations in a bed of sand.
Once it cools, this metal is known as pig iron.
REATIONS:
Oxygen in the air reacts with coke to give carbon dioxide:
C(s) + O 2(g) CO2(g)
The limestone breaks down to form carbon dioxide:
CaCO3(s) CO2 (g) + CaO(s)
Carbon dioxide produced in 1 + 2 react with more coke to produce carbon monoxide:
CO2(g) + C(s) 2CO(g)
The carbon monoxide reduces the iron in the ore to give molten iron:
3CO(g) + Fe2O3(s) 2Fe(l) + 3CO2(g)
The limestone from 2, reacts with the sand to form slag (calcium silicate):
CaO(s) + SiO(s) CaSiO3(l)
WHY PIG IRON IS PIG IRON:
• PIG IRON is raw iron in an ingot form.
• It is the result of smelting Iron Ore, Coke and Limestone in a blast furnace.
• It is a hard but brittle mix of iron (90% or more) and carbon (typically 4-5%), manganese, sulfur, phosphorus, and silicon (roughly 3% in total).
• The name is derived from the time when the iron ran into moulds. A row of moulds was said to resemble a litter of suckling pigs, so the single ingots were referred to as pigs.
• To create a ton of pig Iron
• We start with 2 tons of ore,
• 1 ton of coke and
• ½ ton of limestone.
• The fire consumes 5 tons of air.
• The temperature reaches almost 3000 deg F (about 1600 degrees C) at the core of the blast furnace!
BLAST WASTE:
• Slag, Ammonia, Light Oils and Coal Tars are waste from the Furnace,
• They make raw materials for cements, plastics and fertilisers.
• Pig iron contains 4 percent to 5 percent carbon and is so hard and brittle that it is almost useless.
We do one of two things with pig iron:
• You melt it, mix it with slag and hammer it to eliminate most of the carbon (down to 0.3 percent) and create wrought iron.
Wrought iron is the stuff a blacksmith works with to create tools, horseshoes and so on. When you heat wrought iron, it is malleable, bendable, weldable and very easy to work with. Or we can create steel.
How to Repair Corrupted Memory Card
Download and install a data recovery program. The first thing you want to do when you encounter a memory card error is to attempt to recover important files. There are a number of programs available to accomplish this.
Courtesy: www.wikihow.com
Photo Rec is a powerful, free option for most operating systems, but lacks a graphical user interface, which can be intimidating for less advanced users. Find the data recovery program you are most comfortable with in terms of price and features.Insert the memory card into your computer’s memory card reader. Use a USB card reader or connect your device to your computer via USB if your computer does not have a card reader. •Some devices require that you enable disk use via USB through its settings before your computer will recognize it.
Run your data recovery program. Follow the procedure to recover files for your data recovery program and recover what you can from your damaged memory card
Monday, July 18, 2016
Pakistan's Yasir Shah becomes number one Test bowler
Pakistan's Yasir Shah has risen to the top of the Test bowling rankings following his 10-wicket haul against England in the first Test.
The 30-year-old, who has usurped England's James Anderson, becomes the first leg-spinner to head the rankings since Australia's Shane Warne in 2005.
He is the first Pakistan bowler to top the list since Mushtaq Ahmed, also a leg-spinner, in 1996.
The Lancashire bowler, who is expected to be included for Friday's second Test at his home ground after recovering from injury, has also been overtaken by India off-spinner Ravichandran Ashwin.
Yasir's rise completes a remarkable entrance to Test cricket, which has seen him take more wickets (86) in his first 13 matches than anyone else in history.
He is on course to break the record for the fastest bowler to 100 Test wickets - currently held by England's George Lohmann, who reached the landmark in 16 matches in 1896.
Australia captain Steve Smith continues to lead the batting rankings, with England's Joe Root fourth.
How Earthquake Occurs
What is an earthquake?
An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another. The surface where they slip is called the fault or fault plane. The location below the earth’s surface where the earthquake starts is called thehypocenter, and the location directly above it on the surface of the earth is called the epicenter.
Sometimes an earthquake has foreshocks. These are smaller earthquakes that happen in the same place as the larger earthquake that follows. Scientists can’t tell that an earthquake is a foreshock until the larger earthquake happens. The largest, main earthquake is called the mainshock. Mainshocks always haveaftershocks that follow. These are smaller earthquakes that occur afterwards in the same place as the mainshock. Depending on the size of the mainshock, aftershocks can continue for weeks, months, and even years after the mainshock!
What causes earthquakes and where do they happen?
The earth has four major layers: the inner core, outer core, mantle and crust. The crust and the top of the mantle make up a thin skin on the surface of our planet. But this skin is not all in one piece – it is made up of many pieces like a puzzle covering the surface of the earth.Not only that, but these puzzle pieces keep slowly moving around, sliding past one another and bumping into each other. We call these puzzle piecestectonic plates, and the edges of the plates are called the plate boundaries. The plate boundaries are made up of many faults, and most of the earthquakes around the world occur on these faults. Since the edges of the plates are rough, they get stuck while the rest of the plate keeps moving. Finally, when the plate has moved far enough, the edges unstick on one of the faults and there is an earthquake.
Why does the earth shake when there is an earthquake?
While the edges of faults are stuck together, and the rest of the block is moving, the energy that would normally cause the blocks to slide past one another is being stored up. When the force of the moving blocks finally overcomes thefriction of the jagged edges of the fault and it unsticks, all that stored up energy is released. The energy radiates outward from the fault in all directions in the form of seismic waves like ripples on a pond. The seismic waves shake the earth as they move through it, and when the waves reach the earth’s surface, they shake the ground and anything on it, like our houses and us!
How are earthquakes recorded?
Earthquakes are recorded by instruments called seismographs. The recording they make is called a seismogram. The seismograph has a base that sets firmly in the ground, and a heavy weight that hangs free. When an earthquake causes the ground to shake, the base of the seismograph shakes too, but the hanging weight does not. Instead the spring or string that it is hanging from absorbs all the movement. The difference in position between the shaking part of the seismograph and the motionless part is what is recorded.
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